A Primer on Colonial Firearms

... pun not entirely intended. :)

17th Century Spanish Wheellock pistol, Luis Garcia (Wiki)

So, I've been helping a friend fine-tune her research for a colonial novel due out in October, and one of the topics of conversation has been types and use of colonial firearms.  Previously I posted about the American rifle, and a few of the differences between rifles and muskets, but it occurred to me that overall information on the topic of firearms could be useful.

We know that gunpowder was invented by the Chinese about 850 A.D. or before, while trying to formulate an elixir of life. It was quickly developed into use for warfare, and the first known gun dates to the late 13th century. Cannon and rocket warfare was common across Asia, the Middle East, and Europe by the time the colonial era rolled around, as we know it. Handheld firearms, for military and personal use, had an interesting evolution all their own, dating from about 1500.

Engraving of 17th century musketeers, Thirty Years' War

Terminology surrounding the earliest firearms is littered with terms like doglock, matchlock, wheellock, snaplock, snapchance, frizzen, pan ... okay, I'll stop now. Basically, though, a gun was comprised of a stock or grip (on a pistol), the barrel, and the firing mechanism. The most well known of these is the matchlock, which held a slow-burning fuse that when touched to the powder, would fire the weapon; and the wheellock, a clever device rather like a modern lighter, where a rotating steel wheel struck a piece of pyrite to provide the spark. Matchlocks were cumbersome and more prone to misfires, not to mention more dangerous with the need for the fuse to stay constantly lit. Wheellocks were more complicated but were so easy to hide, they became famous for their use in assassinations, and were outlawed in several countries.

The matchlock and wheellock were superceded in the 17th century by the most well known of all, the flintlock. Wikipedia's marvelous article on the topic has more information than I can possibly relay here, or even do justice in summarizing, so if you're seriously interested in the history of the weapon whose use spanned a couple of centuries, please visit that link!

The flintlock differed from its predecessors in that a sliver of flint striking steel provided ignition. While the wheellock was actually safer in that the spark could be produced in the pan rather than above the pan, the flintlock was the improved combination of all the technologies before it and rapidly gained popularity over the other types.

A flintlock could be any sort of gun, whether pistol (and these ranged in sizes from small enough to fit inside a lady's muff, or the long, heavy "horse pistols" mounted on a saddle), musket (the cheapest and quickest to manufacture, and thus in favor for military use), or rifle (the best in range and accuracy). Loading time was at least fifteen seconds for a pistol, up to half a minute or so on a musket or rifle, and involved half cocking the firearm, pouring a measure of powder down the barrel, pressing a paper- or cloth-wrapped ball (never a bullet during this time) down after the powder, then priming the "pan" with a bit of powder. The savvy hunter or soldier would always reload his weapon after firing, because you couldn't count on having time to load if you found yourself facing an angry bear or human enemy.

Colonial firearms weren't always reliable and had to be kept in good working condition. Cleaned, oiled, careful measure of the powder, and a healthy dose of respect for what was considered an essential tool of the frontier ... as essential, and ubiquitous, as we'd consider a car or cell phone today. They represented a family's ability to provide and protect, but of course were a source of sporting pleasure as well, as they remain in our time.

The American Long Rifle: The Gun That Made a Nation

Yes, the first American long rifle came from Amish country!

It remains one of my favorite opening scenes: the image of a young woman, armed with a rifle as long as she is tall, feeding an escaped enemy at gunpoint. This is the first chapter in my novella, Defending Truth, from the recently re-released A Pioneer Christmas Collection. My heroine is surprised while out hunting, providing for her younger siblings while her father is away fighting alongside Shelby and Sevier at Kings Mountain. The gun she carries is a type variously known as a Lancaster or Pennsylvania rifle, later called the Kentucky rifle for its popularity with Daniel Boone and other longhunters; but the rifle's place of probable origin is the Lancaster, Pennsylvania, area.

Various aspects of the long rifle

It's impossible to trace the origin of the rifle with complete accuracy (pun not intended!), but most historians agree it was developed by German and Swiss gunsmiths. The rifle's range and accuracy stood in sharp constrast to the more commonly used musket, which was the standard issue of the British army. The term "rifle" referred to the curved grooves carved into the inside of the barrel, designed to put a spin on the ball as it was shot from the gun. The smooth-bore barrels of muskets required a heavier ball, more powder, and while faster on load time and perfectly adequate for laying down a heavy volley of gunfire in battle, could not provide for any reasonable accuracy.

"I...can pick a squirrel off a branch at two hundred yards, easy," is the statement by Rob MacFarlane in my long historical, Loyalty's Cadence, and it was no idle boast. It's easy to see, then, how the rifle became the weapon of choice all along the American frontier. But can we really say the rifle was the gun that made America?

... lock, stock, and barrel. The entirety of a rifle.

Story has it that George Washington discovered the intimidation factor of colonial farmers armed with rifles rather than muskets and used it to his advantage against the British army. Patrick Ferguson--yes, of Kings Mountain fame--had developed a breech-loading rifle, but his higher-ups disdained to put it to proper use. But it's agreed that the colonial victory at Kings Mountain was due largely to the accuracy of riflemen under Shelby and Sevier. The American sharpshooter was definitely legendary. In fact, the British had employed the German Jaegercorps as counter-snipers to match the skills of the riflemen fighting for American independence.

Another article, The Kentucky and Pennsylvania Long Rifle, further discusses the role of the rifle in westward expansion--including a nice tie-in with the Great Wagon Road, which I wrote about a few months ago.

The American long rifle was a weapon not just of great accuracy and distance, though it took longer to load than a musket, but they were elegant and beautiful, often works of art in their own right. Any online search for the history of the Kentucky or Pennsylvania rifle, and a click on images, will unearth a wealth of photos of various historic examples. One of my favorites is this beauty, billed a cap-and-ball Kentucky rifle by gunsmith John Parks, Jr. The beautiful curly maple which comprises the stock is not uncommon among rifles of its type, but the detail of the inlay is nothing short of incredible.

Each rifle was a work of art (Courtesy of the NRA museum)

More can be found at the links I've provided. YouTube is also a good place to find videos of what it's like to load and fire these historical lovelies.