On a recent
drive through rural Centre County, Pennsylvania, my friend and I had a
conversation about the Eastern Woodland Native Americans who had lived there during the
mid-1700s. She pointed out that had we been traveling through the area at that time, we would be seeing lots of teepees.
Actually,
that’s a common but inaccurate belief. The Eastern Woodland Native Americans who lived in the colonies during the 18th century did not live in teepees; they lived in bark huts known as “wigwams” and “longhouses” as well as log cabins. While most wigwams were dome-shaped, some had conical shapes similar to a teepee. However, these conical-shaped wigwams were covered with bark rather than the animal hides that the Plains Indians used on their teepees.
During a visit
to Fort Ligonier in southwestern Pennsylvania, I was delighted to find a full-size
wigwam. Let’s take a look.
The outside of
the dome-shaped wigwam is covered with large sheets of tree bark. If you look closely, you can see that the bottom row of bark was applied first, with each piece of bark overlapping the one next to it.
A longhouse was built much the same way as a wigwam, however, its shape would be more rectangular with a rounded roof rather than dome-shaped. Due to the large size of a longhouse, it could house several families while only one family could live in the smaller wigwam.
A longhouse was built much the same way as a wigwam, however, its shape would be more rectangular with a rounded roof rather than dome-shaped. Due to the large size of a longhouse, it could house several families while only one family could live in the smaller wigwam.
Because it
was raining during my visit, I was anxious to step inside the wigwam. To my amazement, I
could stand up straight without my head touching the bark, and even though the rain
had turned into a downpour, the interior was completely dry.
Inside, you can see a framework made from tender saplings. The framework was formed into a circle, and, once in place, the bark was secured to it. Mud chinking could be applied to the seams to keep the weather out. We can see by the light peeking through that this wigwam's seams have not been sealed.
Wigwams and longhouses contained fire pits. These circular pits were usually dug into the ground in the middle of the hut and surrounded by stones. The fire pits provided heat as well as a place to cook food. Directly above the pit is a small opening in the bark called a "smoke hole" that acts as a flue for the fire’s smoke. The opening could be covered completely or partially with a piece of bark when there was no fire or to prevent rain or snow from entering.
The entrance on this particular wigwam seemed a bit large compared to other bark huts I've seen. Perhaps this was done so visitors could easily enter and exit the lodge without damaging the bark. Native Americans would have hung an animal hide over the doorway to keep rain, snow, cold air, and wind from blowing inside.
As the Native
American population came into contact with the colonists and were introduced to
the log cabin, they gradually gave up their bark huts and built this sturdier type of lodging. The
Oconaluftee Village at the Cherokee Indian Reservation in Cherokee, North
Carolina has a replica of the log cabins that Cherokees built and lived in (photo below).
A stranger approaching this cabin might be hard pressed to discern whether the owner was a settler or a Native American. Note the chimney, wood shingled roof, chinking between the logs, and a very nice front porch with benches. Considerably more durable than the bark lodges, it's easy to understand why Native Americans modified their type of housing.
All Photographs ©2014 Cynthia Howerter
Contact information:
Fort Ligonier – an outstanding example of reconstruction and preservation of an 18th century fort. Fort Ligonier was in use during 1758-1766.
Contact information:
Fort Ligonier – an outstanding example of reconstruction and preservation of an 18th century fort. Fort Ligonier was in use during 1758-1766.
200 South Market Street
Ligonier, Pennsylvania
(724) 238-9701
www.fortligonier.org
www.fortligonier.org
Oconaluftee Village – an excellent recreation of Cherokee life during the 1750s.
Please note: This outdoor exhibit
is only open between May-October
Cherokee Indian Reservation
218 Drama Road
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