Noah Webster's Blue-Back Speller

Noah Webster by Samuel F. B. Morse

Have you ever heard of Noah Webster’s Blue-Back Speller? I hadn’t until I happened to run across a short article about it a few days ago. I did some research and learned that if you attended school in the United States during the late 1700s and well into the 1800s, you likely learned spelling using this book. Because it was usually printed with a blue cover, it soon became known as the Blue-Back Speller. It was the first of a three-volume collection originally titled A Grammatical Institute of the English Language. Webster added a grammar in 1784 and a reader in 1785.

Noah Webster, Jr. (1758–1843) was a teacher, lawyer, editor, and author. He has been called the father of American scholarship and education. As a teacher, he learned to dislike American elementary schools because they were often overcrowded and the teachers underpaid. And textbooks, such as The New England Primer or Thomas Dilworth’s A New Guide to the English Tongue, either focused primarily on teaching the Bible or came from England. Webster believed fervently that the American Revolution was not only about changing the nation’s political and economic institutions, but also about shaping a new American identity. Therefore, American children should be taught using American books that fostered republican ideals.

The Grammatical Institute

Webster’s goal was to transform the way Americans were taught to speak and write English in order to extend the ideals of the American Revolution to language and literature. The American people were the proper judges of correct speech, he maintained, and spelling should be simplified to agree with how words were actually pronounced. Through his speller and dictionary he aimed to cut the nation’s cultural ties to Britain and establish an intellectual foundation for American nationalism that would maintain republican values and social stability.

Webster observed that children pass through distinct learning phases in which they master increasingly complex or abstract tasks, and that they learn most easily when complex problems are broken into their component parts so they can master one part before moving to the next. He consequently arranged his speller to present words and the rules of spelling and pronunciation in an orderly manner that progressed by age, beginning with the alphabet and moving systematically through the different sounds of vowels and consonants. Syllables followed, with simple words coming next, then more complex words, and finally sentences. The speller was also intentionally secular; it did not mention God, the Bible, or any biblical events, although later in his life he did add some religious themes.

Blue-Back Speller

Generations of Americans learned how to read and spell using Webster’s Blue-Back Speller. He revised it several times, in 1786 changing its title to The American Spelling Book, and then in 1829 to The Elementary Spelling Book. It was the most popular American spelling book of its time. By 1837 it had sold 15 million copies, and some 60 million by 1890. In fact, his earnings from the speller allowed him to spend many years working on his famous American Dictionary of the English Language, first published in 1828.

After 1840 William Holmes McGuffey’s McGuffey Eclectic Readers began to challenge Webster’s books and eventually took over the market. But both Webster’s speller and dictionary changed American education dramatically by establishing the idea that spelling, grammar, and usage should be based on spoken language instead of on artificial rules.

When I was in first grade, I learned to read with the Dick and Jane books. I loved the pictures of Jane, Dick, Sally, Spot, and Puff and the stories that opened the world of reading to me. Every time I see pictures of the books, they bring back happy memories. Did you have a favorite textbook when you were in elementary school, and if so, why did you like it? Please share your memories!

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J. M. Hochstetler is the daughter of Mennonite farmers and a lifelong student of history. She is also an author, editor, and publisher. Her American Patriot Series is the only comprehensive historical fiction series on the American Revolution. Northkill, Book 1 of the Northkill Amish Series coauthored with Bob Hostetler, won Foreword Magazine’s 2014 INDYFAB Book of the Year Bronze Award for historical fiction. Book 2, The Return, released in April. One Holy Night, a contemporary retelling of the Christmas story, was the Christian Small Publishers 2009 Book of the Year.

The Man Who Changed Schools in Colonial America

The Man Who Changed Schools in Colonial America

by Tamera Lynn Kraft

In the 1700s, punishments for students in school were severe. Teachers of that day normally relied on fear and beatings to keep children in line and to make sure they learned their school lessons. Christopher Dock, a schoolmaster in two Mennonite schools in Pennsylvania began to change all of that.

Dock immigrated to America in 1714 from Germany. He became a school teacher and developed his own style of teaching based on encouragement. His desire was to build character in his students using positive peer pressure and persuasion.  Although he disciplined poor behavior and attitudes, his methods of discipline were more likely to consist of making a child sit alone for a while. He also had a policy of considering each child with understanding.

He would reward students with illustrations of birds or flowers in chalk drawings on their hands and urged parents to reward their children for good school work by giving them praise, pennies, and fried eggs. His motto was "Different children need different treatment."

Christopher Sauer, a printer in Germantown, noticed Dock's results with the students when his children attended one of Dock's schools. He encouraged Christopher Dock to write a manual on school management. Dock completed the manual in 1750 but wouldn't let Sauer print it until after his death. He didn't want the book to be a monument to him, but he did let Sauer print a few of his articles including A Hundred Necessary Rules of Conduct for Children and A Hundred Christian Rules for Children.

Christopher Dock died one evening at the school where he taught. He was found on his knees in prayer. Soon after that Saur's son published Dock's book called School Management on August 3, 1770. It was the first book of its kind in the United Colonies and influenced the management of schools for years to come. Years later, the Mennonites named a high school in Lansdale, Pennsylvania after Christopher Dock.

Learning to Read in Colonial Days ~ The New England Primer

by Roseanna M. White

As my kids and I have been studying early America in our school year, we've read many a novel set in 1700s and early 1800s that touch on children's education...and more than once the authors have quoted the New England Primer--the book that nearly all colonial children used to be taught to read. My kids thought it very strange to learn their letters like this, but it was an intriguing idea to them. And to me too!

There's much beyond the alphabet in the Primer, and we'll probably take a look at some more of it next month. But for today, we're going to learn our alphabet...Colonial style.

(As you can see from the title page above, this was still in the day when f was used as an s in the middle of a word.)

The primer introduced each letter beside a woodcut image, combining the letters and sounds with Bible teachings or moral principles.

A	In ADAM'S Fall  We sinned all.
B	Heaven to find;  The Bible Mind.
C	Christ crucify'd  For sinners dy'd.
D	The Deluge drown'd  The Earth around.
E	ELIJAH hid  By Ravens fed.
F	The judgment made  FELIX afraid.

G

As runs the Glass,  Our Life doth pass.

H

My Book and Heart  Must never part.

J

JOB feels the Rod,--  Yet blesses GOD.

K

Proud Korah's troop  Was swallowed up

L

LOT fled to Zoar,  Saw fiery Shower  On Sodom pour.

M

MOSES was he  Who Israel's Host  Led thro' the Sea

N	NOAH did view  The old world & new.
O	Young OBADIAS,  DAVID, JOSIAS,  All were pious.
P	PETER deny'd  His Lord and cry'd.
Q	Queen ESTHER sues  And saves the Jews.
R	Young pious RUTH,  Left all for Truth.
S	Young SAM'L dear,  The Lord did fear.

 

T	Young TIMOTHY  Learnt sin to fly.
V	VASHTI for Pride  Was set aside.
W	Whales in the Sea,  GOD's Voice obey.
X	XERXES did die,  And so must I.
Y	While youth do chear  Death may be near.
Z	ZACCHEUS he  Did climb the Tree  Our Lord to see.

What do you think of these early rhymes? Did you ever use rhymes to help you with your learning?

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Roseana M. White pens her novels beneath her Betsy Ross flag, with her Jane Austen action figure watching over her. When not writing fiction, she’s homeschooling her two small children, editing and designing, and pretending her house will clean itself. www.RoseannaMWhite.com